爬虫实战:从网页到本地,如何轻松实现小说离线阅读

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今天我们将继续进行爬虫实战,除了常规的网页数据抓取外,我们还将引入一个全新的下载功能。具体而言,我们的主要任务是爬取小说内容,并实现将其下载到本地的操作,以便后续能够进行离线阅读。

为了确保即使在功能逐渐增多的情况下也不至于使初学者感到困惑,我特意为你绘制了一张功能架构图,具体如下所示:

image

让我们开始深入解析今天的主角:小说网

小说解析

书单获取

在小说网的推荐列表中,我们可以选择解析其中的某一个推荐内容,而无需完全还原整个网站页面显示效果,从而更加高效地获取我们需要的信息。

以下是一个示例代码,帮助你更好地理解:

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML,like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/122.0.0.0'}
req = Request("https://www.readnovel.com/",headers=headers)
# 发出请求,获取html
# 获取的html内容是字节,将其转化为字符串
html = urlopen(req)
html_text = bytes.decode(html.read())
soup = bf(html_text,'html.parser')

for li in soup.select('#new-book-list li'):
    a_tag = li.select_one('a[data-eid="qd_F24"]')
    p_tag = li.select_one('p')
    book = {
        'href': a_tag['href'],'title': a_tag.get('title'),'content': p_tag.get_text()
    }
    print(book)

书籍简介

在通常情况下,我们会先查看书单,然后对书籍的大致内容进行了解,因此直接解析相关内容即可。以下是一个示例代码

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML,like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/122.0.0.0'}
req = Request(f"https://www.readnovel.com{link}#Catalog",'html.parser')
og_title = soup.find('Meta',property='og:title')['content']
og_description = soup.find('Meta',property='og:description')['content']
og_novel_author = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:author')['content']
og_novel_update_time = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:update_time')['content']
og_novel_status = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:status')['content']
og_novel_latest_chapter_name = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:latest_chapter_name')['content']
# 查找内容为"免费试读"的a标签
div_tag = soup.find('div',id='j-catalogWrap')
list_items = div_tag.find_all('li',attrs={'data-rid': True})
for li in list_items:
    link_text = li.find('a').text
    if '第' in link_text:
        link_url = li.find('a')['href']
        link_obj = {'link_text':link_text,'link_url':link_url}
        free_trial_link.append(link_obj)
print(f"书名:{og_title}")
print(f"简介:{og_description}")
print(f"作者:{og_novel_author}")
print(f"最近更新:{og_novel_update_time}")
print(f"当前状态:{og_novel_status}")
print(f"最近章节:{og_novel_latest_chapter_name}")

在解析过程中,我们发现除了获取书籍的大致内容外,还顺便解析了相关的书籍目录。将这些目录保存下来会方便我们以后进行试读操作,因为一旦对某本书感兴趣,我们接下来很可能会阅读一下。如果确实对书籍感兴趣,可能还会将其加入书单。为了避免在阅读时再次解析,我们在这里直接保存了这些目录信息。

免费试读

在这一步,我们的主要任务是解析章节的名称以及章节内容,并将它们打印出来,为后续封装成方法以进行下载或阅读做准备。这样做可以更好地组织和管理数据,提高代码的复用性和可维护性。下面是一个示例代码,展示了如何实现这一功能

headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML,like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/122.0.0.0'}
req = Request(f"https://www.readnovel.com{link}",'html.parser')
name = soup.find('h1',class_='j_chapterName')
chapter = {
    'name':name.get_text()
}
print(name.get_text())
ywskythunderfont = soup.find('div',class_='ywskythunderfont')
if ywskythunderfont:
    p_tags = ywskythunderfont.find_all('p')
    chapter['text'] = p_tags[0].get_text()
    print(chapter)

小说下载

当我们完成内容解析后,已经成功获取了小说的章节内容,接下来只需执行下载操作即可。对于下载操作的具体步骤,如果有遗忘的情况,我来帮忙大家进行回顾一下。

file_name = 'a.txt'
with open(file_name,'w',encoding='utf-8') as file:
    file.write('尝试下载')
print(f'文件 {file_name} 下载完成!')

包装一下

按照老规矩,以下是源代码示例。即使你懒得编写代码,也可以直接复制粘贴运行一下,然后自行琢磨其中的细节。这样能够更好地理解代码的运行逻辑和实现方式。

# 导入urllib库的urlopen函数
from urllib.request import urlopen,Request
# 导入BeautifulSoup
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as bf
from random import choice,sample
from colorama import init
from termcolor import colored
from readchar import  readkey
FGS = ['green','yellow','blue','cyan','magenta','red']
book_list = []
free_trial_link = []
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML,like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/122.0.0.0'}

def get_hot_book():
    print(colored('开始搜索书单!',choice(FGS)))
    book_list.clear()
    req = Request("https://www.readnovel.com/",headers=headers)
    # 发出请求,获取html
    # 获取的html内容是字节,将其转化为字符串
    html = urlopen(req)
    html_text = bytes.decode(html.read())
    soup = bf(html_text,'html.parser')

    for li in soup.select('#new-book-list li'):
        a_tag = li.select_one('a[data-eid="qd_F24"]')
        p_tag = li.select_one('p')
        book = {
            'href': a_tag['href'],'content': p_tag.get_text()
        }
        book_list.append(book)

def get_book_detail(link):
    global free_trial_link
    free_trial_link.clear()
    req = Request(f"https://www.readnovel.com{link}#Catalog",'html.parser')
    og_title = soup.find('Meta',property='og:title')['content']
    og_description = soup.find('Meta',property='og:description')['content']
    og_novel_author = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:author')['content']
    og_novel_update_time = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:update_time')['content']
    og_novel_status = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:status')['content']
    og_novel_latest_chapter_name = soup.find('Meta',property='og:novel:latest_chapter_name')['content']
    # 查找内容为"免费试读"的a标签
    div_tag = soup.find('div',id='j-catalogWrap')
    list_items = div_tag.find_all('li',attrs={'data-rid': True})
    for li in list_items:
        link_text = li.find('a').text
        if '第' in link_text:
            link_url = li.find('a')['href']
            link_obj = {'link_text':link_text,'link_url':link_url}
            free_trial_link.append(link_obj)
    print(colored(f"书名:{og_title}",choice(FGS)))
    print(colored(f"简介:{og_description}",choice(FGS)))
    print(colored(f"作者:{og_novel_author}",choice(FGS)))
    print(colored(f"最近更新:{og_novel_update_time}",choice(FGS)))
    print(colored(f"当前状态:{og_novel_status}",choice(FGS)))
    print(colored(f"最近章节:{og_novel_latest_chapter_name}",choice(FGS)))

def free_trial(link):
    req = Request(f"https://www.readnovel.com{link}",'html.parser')
    name = soup.find('h1',class_='j_chapterName')
    chapter = {
        'name':name.get_text()
    }
    print(colored(name.get_text(),choice(FGS)))
    ywskythunderfont = soup.find('div',class_='ywskythunderfont')
    if ywskythunderfont:
        p_tags = ywskythunderfont.find_all('p')
        chapter['text'] = p_tags[0].get_text()
    return chapter

def download_chapter(chapter):
    file_name = chapter['name'] + '.txt'
    with open(file_name,encoding='utf-8') as file:
        file.write(chapter['text'].replace('\u3000\u3000','\n'))
    print(colored(f'文件 {file_name} 下载完成!',choice(FGS)))

def print_book():
    for i in range(0,len(book_list),3):
        names = [f'{i + j}:{book_list[i + j]["title"]}' for j in range(3) if i + j < len(book_list)]
        print(colored('\t\t'.join(names),choice(FGS)))

def read_book(page):
    if not free_trial_link:
        print(colored('未选择书单,无法阅读!',choice(FGS)))
    
    print(colored(free_trial(free_trial_link[page]['link_url'])['text'],choice(FGS)))

get_hot_book()

init() ## 命令行输出彩色文字
print(colored('已搜索完毕!',choice(FGS)))
print(colored('m:返回首页',choice(FGS)))
print(colored('d:免费试读',choice(FGS)))
print(colored('x:全部下载',choice(FGS)))
print(colored('n:下一章节',choice(FGS)))
print(colored('b:上一章节',choice(FGS)))
print(colored('q:退出阅读',choice(FGS)))
my_key = ['q','m','d','x','n','b']
current = 0
while True:
    while True:
        move = readkey()
        if move in my_key:
            break
    if move == 'q': ## 键盘‘Q’是退出
        break 
    if move == 'd':  
        read_book(current)
    if move == 'x':  ## 这里只是演示为主,不循环下载所有数据了
        download_chapter(free_trial(free_trial_link[0]['link_url']))
    if move == 'b':  
        current = current - 1
        if current < 0 :
            current = 0
        read_book(current)
    if move == 'n':  
        current = current + 1
        if current > len(free_trial_link) :
            current = len(free_trial_link) - 1
        read_book(current)
    if move == 'm':
        print_book()
        current = 0
        num = int(input('请输入书单编号:=====>'))
        if num <= len(book_list):
            get_book_detail(book_list[num]['href'])

总结

今天在爬虫实战中,除了正常爬取网页数据外,我们还添加了一个下载功能,主要任务是爬取小说并将其下载到本地,以便离线阅读。为了避免迷糊,我为大家绘制了功能架构图。我们首先解析了小说网,包括获取书单、书籍简介和免费试读章节。然后针对每个功能编写了相应的代码,如根据书单获取书籍信息、获取书籍详细信息、免费试读章节解析和小说下载。最后,将这些功能封装成方法,方便调用和操作。通过这次实战,我们深入了解了爬虫的应用,为后续的项目提供了基础支持

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