（一）类型转换（type casting）

类型转换是检查类型实例的方式，也是把类型实例作为子类或者父类的方式

主要有三个关键词，is，as?，as!(as)，is表示是某种类型(比如父类和子类同时出现，选择父类，就是表示层级比较大的那个类型)，as表示的是向下转换（downcast）到子类本身，问号表示可选，叹号表示强拆包

举个例子：

class MediaItem {
    var name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}
 
class Movie: MediaItem {
    var director: String
    init(name: String,director: String) {
        self.director = director
        super.init(name: name)
    }
}
<pre name="code" class="plain">        for item in library {
            
            if let movie = item as? Movie {
                print("name:\(movie.name),director:\(movie.director)")
            }else if let song = item as? Song {
                print("name:\(song.name),artist:\(song.artist)")
            }
        }

class Song: MediaItem { var artist: String init(name: String,artist: String) { self.artist = artist super.init(name: name) }}

        let library = [Movie(name: "张学友",director: "麦兆辉"),Song(name: "一路上有你",artist: "张学友"),Movie(name: "周星驰",director: "周星驰"),Song(name: "夕阳醉了",Movie(name: "赌神",director: "王晶")]
        for item in library {
        
            if item is Movie {
                movieCount++
            }else if item is Song {
                songCount++
            }
            
        }
        
        print("Media library contains \(movieCount) movies and \(songCount) songs")

解释：

如果当前的MediaItem（item）是Movie的实例的话，就返回true，否则就返回false

而上面的item实际上是MediaItem类型，而不是真正的Movie类型，也就说你访问不到Movie的director的属性，那我们怎么才能让item实例真正是Movie本身的类型呢？这时我们就用到关键字as了，进行向下拆包

as有两种形式，一个是as?，表示返回的类型可选，一个是as!强制拆包，用这个的时候你要确保你解析的东西是正确有值的，可以解包成功的

        for item in library {
            
            if let movie = item as? Movie {
                print("name:\(movie.name),artist:\(song.artist)")
            }
        }

因为item是MediaItem的实例，向下可能是Movie的实例，所以用as？可选，再用一个可选绑定，如果成功，就可以访问director属性了

注意：转换实际上没有改变这个实例或者它的值，潜在的实例还是保持原来的值，它仅仅是被转换的类型的实例

（二）Any和AnyObject

AnyObject：代表任意类类型（class type）的实例

Any：可以代表任意类型的实例，除了函数类型

a.AnyObject

        let someObjects: [AnyObject] = [Movie(name: "大圣归来",director: "未知"),Movie(name: "速度与激情7",director: "温世仁"),Movie(name: "无间道",director: "刘伟强")]
        
        for item in someObjects {
            
            let movie = item as! Movie
            print("name: \(movie.name),dir.\(movie.director)")
        }

这里你已经确定item就是Movie的实例类型，直接强拆，用一个常量接收

还有一个办法，就是既然你已经确定someObjects是一个[Movie]类型的数组，那么就可以这么写:

        for movie in someObjects as! [Movie] {
            
            print("name: \(movie.name),dir.\(movie.director)")
        }

b.Any

既然Any除了函数类型都能代表，那么我们就定义一个可变数组，Any型的，装它几种类型

        var things = [Any]()
        things.append(0)
        things.append(0.0)
        things.append(42)
        things.append(3.14159)
        things.append("hell0")
        things.append((3.0,5.0))
        things.append(Movie(name: "恐怖游轮",director: "未知"))
        things.append({ (name: String) -> String in ("Hello,\(name)") })
        for thing in things {
        
            switch thing {
            case 0 as Int:
                print("zero as an Int")
            case 0 as Double:
                print("zero as a Double")
            case let someInt as Int:
                print("an integer value of \(someInt)")
            case let someDouble as Double where someDouble > 0:
                print("a double value of \(someDouble)")
            case is Double:
                print("some other double that I don't want to print")
            case let someString as String:
                print("a string value of \(someString)")
            case let (x,y) as (Double,Double):
                print("an (x,y) point is at \(x,y)")
            case let movie as Movie:
                print("a movie called \(movie.name),dir.\(movie.director)")
            case let stringConverter as String -> String:
                print(stringConverter("xiaoyu"))
            default:
                print("something else")
                
            }
        }