空合运算符(Nil Coalescing Operator) a ?? b ---> a != nil ? a! : b a必须是optional的:
- let defaultColorName = "red"
- var userDefinedColorName: String?
- var colorNameToUse = userDefinedColorName ?? defaultColorName
- userDefinedColorName = "gree"
- colorNameToUse = userDefinedColorName ?? defaultColorName
区间运算符 ... ..<
- for index in 1...5 {
- print(index)
- }
集合操作:
- image = UIImage(named: "SetOperations")
- let oddDigits: Set = [1,3,5,7,9]
- let evenDigits: Set = [0,2,4,6,8]
- let singleDigitPrimeNumbers: Set = [2,7]
- // 并集
- oddDigits.union(evenDigits).sort()
- // 交集
- oddDigits.intersect(evenDigits).sort()
- // 补集
- oddDigits.subtract(evenDigits).sort()
- oddDigits.exclusiveOr(singleDigitPrimeNumbers).sort()
- // 集合关系和比较
- //使用“是否等”运算符(==)来判断两个集合是否包含相同的值。
- //使用isSubsetOf(_:)方法来判断一个集合中的值是否也被包含在另外一个集合中。
- //使用isSupersetOf(_:)方法来判断一个集合中包含的值是另一个集合中所有的值。
- //使用isStrictSubsetOf(_:)或者isStrictSupersetOf(_:)方法来判断一个集合是否是另外一个集合的子集合或者父集合,并且和特定集合不相等。
- //使用isDisjointWith(_:)方法来判断两个结合是否不含有相同的值。
- image = UIImage(named: "setEulerDiagram")
- let houseAnimals: Set = ["1","2"]
- let farmAnimals: Set = ["1","2","3","4","5"]
- let cityAnimals: Set = ["6","7"]
- houseAnimals.isSubsetOf(farmAnimals)
- // true
- farmAnimals.isSupersetOf(houseAnimals)
- // true
- farmAnimals.isDisjointWith(cityAnimals)
- // true
Switch 与其他语言不同,不用在每个case中写break,swift只会执行一个case。switch语句必须是完备的。这就是说,每一个可能的值都必须至少有一个 case 分支与之对应。在某些不可能涵盖所有值的情况下,你可以使用默认(default)分支满足该要求,这个默认分支必须在switch语句的最后面。case中的条件可以是多个,并且可以是任意类型
Tuples 元组
- let approximateCount = 62
- let countedThings = "moons orbiting Saturn"
- var naturalCount: String
- switch approximateCount {
- case 0:
- naturalCount = "no"
- case 1..<5:
- naturalCount = "a few"
- case 5..<12:
- naturalCount = "several"
- case 12..<100:
- naturalCount = "dozens of"
- case 100..<1000:
- naturalCount = "hundreds of"
- default:
- naturalCount = "many"
- }
- print("There are \(naturalCount) \(countedThings).")
- let somePoint = (1,1)
- switch somePoint {
- case (0,0):
- print("(0,0) is at the origin")
- case (_,0): // x任意 y==0
- print("(\(somePoint.0),0) is on the x-axis")
- case (0,_): // x==0 y任意
- print("(0,\(somePoint.1)) is on the y-axis")
- case (-2...2,-2...2):
- print("(\(somePoint.0),\(somePoint.1)) is inside the Box")
- default:
- print("(\(somePoint.0),\(somePoint.1)) is outside the Box")
- }
- image = UIImage(named: "coordinateGraphSimple")
- // 虽然上面如果point为(0,0)的时候,会满足所有的case,但是swift只会选择第一个满足的执行
Fallthrough Swift 中的switch不会从上一个 case 分支落入到下一个 case 分支中。相反,只要第一个匹配到的 case 分支完成了它需要执行的语句,整个switch代码块完成了它的执行。你确实需要 C 风格的贯穿(fallthrough)的特性,你可以在每个需要该特性的 case 分支中使用fallthrough关键字
- let anotherPoint = (2,0)
- // 注意下面是没有default的
- // 下面的let声明,可以改成var声明
- switch anotherPoint {
- case (let x,0):
- print("on the x-axis with an x value of \(x)")
- case (0,let y):
- print("on the y-axis whth a y value of \(y)")
- case let (x,y):
- print("somewhere else at (\(x),\(y))")
- }
- image = UIImage(named: "coordinateGraphMedium")
- // Where
- let yetAnotherPoint = (1,-1)
- switch yetAnotherPoint {
- case let (x,y) where x == y:
- print("(\(x),\(y)) is on the line x == y")
- case let (x,y) where x == -y:
- print("(\(x),\(y)) is on the line x == -y")
- case let (x,y):
- print("(\(x),\(y)) is just some arbitrary point")
- }
- image = UIImage(named: "coordinateGraphComplex")
- let integerToDescribe = 5
- var description = "The number \(integerToDescribe) is"
- switch integerToDescribe {
- case 2,11,13,17,19:
- description += " a prime number,and also"
- fallthrough
- default:
- description += " an integer."
- }
- print(description)