我现在这样解决了。我创建了一个问题来简化此操作here

public class CustomCaffeineCacheManager extends CaffeineCacheManager {

    private Map<String,Cache> preDefinedCaches = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    public void addCache(String name,Cache cache) {
        preDefinedCaches.put(name,cache);
    }

    @Override
    protected Cache<Object,Object> createNativeCaffeineCache(String name) {
        return preDefinedCaches.getOrDefault(name,super.createNativeCaffeineCache(name));
    }
}

在@Configuration类中：

@Bean
public CacheManager cacheManager() {
    CustomCaffeineCacheManager caffeineCacheManager = new CustomCaffeineCacheManager();
    caffeineCacheManager.addCache("customCache",Caffeine.newBuilder()
            .expireAfterWrite(2,TimeUnit.MINUTES)
            .maximumSize(5_000).build());
    return caffeineCacheManager;
}