我作为嵌入式软件开发人员已经工作了多年，在该应用程序中，内存泄漏（甚至最小量的内存泄漏）通常非常关键。

在这些环境中，通常可以评估已使用堆的数量，而仅通过在代码关键点上打印已使用的内存总量，就至少可以进行基本/粗糙的内存泄漏调试。

现在，我正在Windows环境中开发C ++解析器，但是...令人惊讶的是，我找不到跟踪此基本信息的方法。所以问题是：我该怎么办？

在回答之前，让我先说一下，出于某些原因我对类似Valgrind的工具不感兴趣。

在问一个新问题之前，我已经阅读了很多以前的问题，例如：

How to get memory usage under Windows in C++

Which member in PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS structure gives the current used memory

How to determine CPU and memory consumption from inside a process?

但是他们都没有提供适合我需要的解决方案。因此，我决定写一个新的问题，明确（1）我真正需要什么，（2）我已经尝试实现目标的尝试。因此，下面提供一个最小的示例程序，在该程序中，我将执行一些128kB（0x20000字节）的分配（以不同的方式），然后执行相应的内存释放。每一步之后，我调用一个debugMemory()实用程序，该实用程序将打印PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS_EX结构的每个字段：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <psapi.h>

#define ONE_K 1024

static void debugMemory( const char * header )
{
  PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS_EX pmc;

  if( header )
  {
    printf("%s:\t\tGetProcessMemoryInfo() returned %d\n",header,GetProcessMemoryInfo(getcurrentProcess(),(PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS*)&pmc,sizeof(pmc)));

    printf("%s:\tPageFaultCount\t\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.PageFaultCount,pmc.PageFaultCount);
    printf("%s:\tPeakWorkingSetSize\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.PeakWorkingSetSize,pmc.PeakWorkingSetSize);
    printf("%s:\tWorkingSetSize\t\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.WorkingSetSize,pmc.WorkingSetSize);
    printf("%s:\tQuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage,pmc.QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage);
    printf("%s:\tQuotaPagedPoolUsage\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.QuotaPagedPoolUsage,pmc.QuotaPagedPoolUsage);
    printf("%s:\tQuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage,pmc.QuotaPagedPoolUsage);
    printf("%s:\tQuotaNonPagedPoolUsage\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage,pmc.QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage);
    printf("%s:\tPagefileUsage\t\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.PagefileUsage,pmc.PagefileUsage);
    printf("%s:\tPeakPagefileUsage\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.PeakPagefileUsage,pmc.PeakPagefileUsage);

    printf( "%s:\tPrivateUsage\t\t\t= %d 0x%08X\n",pmc.PrivateUsage,pmc.PrivateUsage );
  }
}

int main(void)
{
  /* Initial */
  debugMemory("INI");
  Sleep(5000);

  /* Malloc */
  char *p1 = (char *) malloc(128 * ONE_K);
  debugMemory("MALLOC");
  Sleep(5000);

  /* New */
  char *p2 = new char[128 * ONE_K];
  debugMemory("NEW");
  Sleep(5000);

  /* Free */
  free( p1 );
  debugMemory("FREE");
  Sleep(5000);

  /* Delete */
  delete[] p2;
  debugMemory("DELETE");

  return 0;
}

根据对SO问题的大多数答案，字段WorkingSetSize和PrivateUsage是提供我所需信息的最佳人选。无论如何，为了提供一个完整的方案，我将发布所有结果：

INI:            GetProcessMemoryInfo() returned 1
INI:    PageFaultCount                  = 766 0x000002FE
INI:    PeakWorkingSetSize              = 2834432 0x002B4000
INI:    WorkingSetSize                  = 2830336 0x002B3000
INI:    QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage         = 22448 0x000057B0
INI:    QuotaPagedPoolUsage             = 22448 0x000057B0
INI:    QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage      = 4864 0x000057B0
INI:    QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage          = 4480 0x00001180
INI:    PagefileUsage                   = 1069056 0x00105000
INI:    PeakPagefileUsage               = 1069056 0x00105000
INI:    PrivateUsage                    = 1069056 0x00105000
MALLOC:         GetProcessMemoryInfo() returned 1
MALLOC: PageFaultCount                  = 794 0x0000031A
MALLOC: PeakWorkingSetSize              = 2949120 0x002D0000
MALLOC: WorkingSetSize                  = 2945024 0x002CF000
MALLOC: QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage         = 22448 0x000057B0
MALLOC: QuotaPagedPoolUsage             = 22448 0x000057B0
MALLOC: QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage      = 4864 0x000057B0
MALLOC: QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage          = 4480 0x00001180
MALLOC: PagefileUsage                   = 1204224 0x00126000
MALLOC: PeakPagefileUsage               = 1204224 0x00126000
MALLOC: PrivateUsage                    = 1204224 0x00126000
NEW:            GetProcessMemoryInfo() returned 1
NEW:    PageFaultCount                  = 797 0x0000031D
NEW:    PeakWorkingSetSize              = 2961408 0x002D3000
NEW:    WorkingSetSize                  = 2957312 0x002D2000
NEW:    QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage         = 22448 0x000057B0
NEW:    QuotaPagedPoolUsage             = 22448 0x000057B0
NEW:    QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage      = 4864 0x000057B0
NEW:    QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage          = 4480 0x00001180
NEW:    PagefileUsage                   = 1339392 0x00147000
NEW:    PeakPagefileUsage               = 1339392 0x00147000
NEW:    PrivateUsage                    = 1339392 0x00147000
FREE:           GetProcessMemoryInfo() returned 1
FREE:   PageFaultCount                  = 797 0x0000031D
FREE:   PeakWorkingSetSize              = 2961408 0x002D3000
FREE:   WorkingSetSize                  = 2957312 0x002D2000
FREE:   QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage         = 22448 0x000057B0
FREE:   QuotaPagedPoolUsage             = 22448 0x000057B0
FREE:   QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage      = 4864 0x000057B0
FREE:   QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage          = 4480 0x00001180
FREE:   PagefileUsage                   = 1339392 0x00147000
FREE:   PeakPagefileUsage               = 1339392 0x00147000
FREE:   PrivateUsage                    = 1339392 0x00147000
DELETE:         GetProcessMemoryInfo() returned 1
DELETE: PageFaultCount                  = 797 0x0000031D
DELETE: PeakWorkingSetSize              = 2961408 0x002D3000
DELETE: WorkingSetSize                  = 2957312 0x002D2000
DELETE: QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage         = 22448 0x000057B0
DELETE: QuotaPagedPoolUsage             = 22448 0x000057B0
DELETE: QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage      = 4864 0x000057B0
DELETE: QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage          = 4480 0x00001180
DELETE: PagefileUsage                   = 1339392 0x00147000
DELETE: PeakPagefileUsage               = 1339392 0x00147000
DELETE: PrivateUsage                    = 1339392 0x00147000

让我们总结一下，从这些结果中我们可以理解：

• PrivateUsage似乎是我要搜索的字段：每次分配后，它的值都大0x21000（而不是0x20000。但是我可以原谅那些0x1000字节的开销）
• 它的值 Isn'在内存取消分配（!!!）
后减小
• 我原本希望在一定时间后将未使用的虚拟内存返还给操作系统（这就是为什么我尝试在每个步骤之后插入5s睡眠的原因），但似乎我错了
• WorkingSetSize似乎也会在每次分配后增长，但是据我所知，增长的数量并不一致

任何帮助将不胜感激。我对我无法找到的任何 magic 函数和任何变通方法都开放（例如，迫使PrivateUsage所示的已用虚拟内存被更新的东西）。>